The association between breast cancer and consumption of dairy products: a systematic review / La asociación entre cáncer de mama y el consumo de productos lácteos: una revisión sistemática

INTRODUCTION: breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women and its relationship with dietary factors particularly dairy products, has been investigated trough several studies but up to now there are still not enough results to confirm the association between breast cancer and dairy products. OBJECTIVE: the purpose of this systematic review was to expand the number of systematic reviews that to date exist on the relationship between dairy products consumption and risk of breast cancer. A comprehensive search of the PubMed, Scopus and Embase was performed from September 2005 to September 2018 in which one case control and cohorts' studies were included. RESULTS: eighteen studies were finally selected for the review (10 case-control and 8 cohorts' studies). These studies reported several statistically significant associations (OR, HR, RR) between dairy product consumption and the risk of breast cancer. Seven case-control and four cohorts' studies showed that dairy product consumption was inversely associated with the risk of breast cancer, on the other hand, a positive association was found in two case-control and non- significant association was found between dairy product consumption and the risk of breast cancer in the remaining studies (one case-control and four cohorts' studies). CONCLUSION: although an inverse association was observed in most studies, it's difficult to draw conclusions when the methodology methods to collect the dairy product intake and the servings or portions measurements were different in each study. On the other hand, not all studies used the same confounding variable to estimate risk

INTRODUCCIÓN: el cáncer de mama (BC) es de los cánceres más comunes en mujeres, y su relación con los factores dietéticos y, en particular, con los productos lácteos, ha sido investigada a través de varios estudios, pero hasta ahora no hay resultados suficientes que confirmen la asociación entre cáncer de mama y productos lácteos. OBJETIVO: el objetivo de esta revisión fue ampliar y actualizar el número de revisiones sistemáticas que hasta día de hoy existen sobre la relación entre el consumo de productos lácteos y el cáncer de mama. METODOLOGÍA: se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y Embase entre septiembre de 2005 y septiembre de 2018 en la que se incluyeron estudios de casos y controles y estudios de cohortes. RESULTADOS: se seleccionaron 18 estudios (10 estudios de casos-controles y 8 estudios de cohorte). Siete casos-controles y cuatro estudios de cohorte mostraron que el consumo de productos lácteos tenía una asociación inversa con el riesgo de cáncer de mama y, por otro lado, en dos estudios de casos-controles se observó una asociación positiva. No se encontró una asociación significativa entre el consumo de productos lácteos y el cáncer de mama en los restantes estudios (1 caso-control y 4 cohortes). CONCLUSIÓN: aunque se observó una asociación inversa en la mayoría de los estudios, es difícil sacar conclusiones cuando los métodos metodológicos para recolectar la ingesta de lácteos y las porciones o las mediciones de las porciones fueron diferentes en cada estudio. Por otro lado, no todos los estudios tienen en cuenta las mismas variables de confusión

The association between breast cancer and consumption of dairy products: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and its relationship with dietary factors particularly dairy products, has been investigated trough several studies but up to now there are still not enough results to confirm the association between breast cancer and dairy products. Objective: the purpose of this systematic review was to expand the number of systematic reviews that to date exist on the relationship between dairy products consumption and risk of breast cancer. A comprehensive search of the PubMed, Scopus and Embase was performed from September 2005 to September 2018 in which one case control and cohorts' studies were included. Results: Eighteen studies were finally selected for the review (10 case-control and 8 cohorts' studies). These studies reported several statistically significant associations (OR, HR, RR) between dairy product consumption and the risk of breast cancer. Seven case-control and four cohorts' studies showed that dairy product consumption was inversely associated with the risk of breast cancer, on the other hand, a positive association was found in two case-control and non- significant association was found between dairy product consumption and the risk of breast cancer in the remaining studies (one case-control and four cohorts' studies) Conclusion: Although an inverse association was observed in most studies, it's difficult to draw conclusions when the methodology methods to collect the dairy product intake and the servings or portions measurements were different in each study. On the other hand, not all studies used the same confounding variable to estimate risk.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el cáncer de mama es de los más comunes en mujeres, y su relación con los factores dietéticos y, en particular, con los productos lácteos, ha sido investigada a través de varios estudios, pero hasta ahora no hay resultados suficientes que confirmen la asociación entre cáncer de mama y productos lácteos. Objetivo: ampliar y actualizar el número de revisiones sistemáticas que hasta día de hoy existen sobre la relación entre el consumo de productos lácteos y el cáncer de mama. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y Embase entre septiembre de 2005 y septiembre de 2018 en la que se incluyeron estudios de casos y controles y estudios de cohortes. Resultados: se seleccionaron 18 estudios (10 estudios de casos-controles y 8 estudios de cohorte). Siete casos-controles y cuatro estudios de cohorte mostraron que el consumo de productos lácteos tenía una asociación inversa con el riesgo de cáncer de mama y, por otro lado, en dos estudios de casos-controles se observó una asociación positiva. No se encontró una asociación significativa entre el consumo de productos lácteos y el cáncer de mama en los restantes estudios (1 caso-control y 4 cohortes). Conclusión: aunque se observó una asociación inversa en la mayoría de los estudios, es difícil sacar conclusiones cuando los métodos metodológicos para recolectar la ingesta de lácteos y las porciones o las mediciones de las porciones fueron diferentes en cada estudio. Por otro lado, no todos los estudios tienen en cuenta las mismas variables de confusión.

[Temporal evolution of tobacco consumption among health care workers in a Catalonian hospital, Spain]. / Evolución del consumo de tabaco en trabajadores de un hospital de Cataluña.

BACKGROUND: In terms of tobacco consumption, health workers have been considered as reference group, however smoking prevalence in this group is higher than in general population. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of tobacco consumption among workers of a health institution in Catalonia during a period of 10 years (2001-2011), and to describe their characteristics. METHODS: The questionnaire on tobacco consumption prevalence was validated, and was administered in 2001, 2004, 2008 and 2011. A random sampling was carried out in two acute care institutions. The characteristics of the study sample and the differences between smokers were analyzed using the chi-square test for linear trend. A logistic regression model was performed including all the surveys. RESULTS: The smoking prevalence among health care workers for 2001, 2004, 2008 and 2011, was 30.00%, 34.42%, 36.21% and 29.42%, respectively. Women had the highest consumption prevalence (33,40%). Tobacco smoking decreased in medical staff, from 25.97% in 2001, to 18.88% in 2011 (p=0.005), and in nurses from 35,15% in 2001 to 25.61% in 2011 (p=0.007), but not among the administrative staff. CONCLUSION: Overall and for the first time, smoking prevalence in health workers begins to decrease. However, it does not decrease in the same way among all types of healthcare workers and the prevalence remains high when compared with the population prevalence. This consumption reduction coincides with the measures introduced by the program after the legislative changes.

Evolución del consumo de tabaco en trabajadores de un hospital de Cataluña / Temporal evolution of tobacco consumption among healthcare workers in a Catalonian Hospital, Spain

Fundamentos: En términos de consumo de tabaco los trabajadores sanitarios se consideran de referencia. Sin embargo la prevalencia de fumadores entre ellos es superior a la de la población general. Este estudio pretende estimar la evolución de la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco entre los profesionales de una institución sanitaria de Cataluña durante un período de 10 años (2001-2011) y describir sus características. Métodos: Encuesta validada de prevalencia del consumo de tabaco, realizada en 2001, 2004, 2008 y 2011. La muestra se estratificó en dos centros de atención de agudos de la institución. La selección de los participantes fue aleatoria. Se analizaron las características de la muestra y se compararon las diferencias entre fumadores por año, valorando con el test de chi-cuadrado de tendencia lineal. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística incluyendo todas las encuestas conjuntamente. Resultados: La prevalencia de tabaquismo global de los profesionales sanitarios fue de 30,00%, 34,42%, 36,21% y 29,42% en los años 2001, 2004, 2008 y 2011 respectivamente. La prevalencia fue mayor en mujeres (33,40%). El consumo de tabaco disminuyó en el personal médico de 25,98% en el 2001 a 18,89% en el 2011 (p=0,005) y en el de enfermería del 35,16% en el 2001 al 25,61% en el 2011 (p=0,007). Conclusión: Globalmente la prevalencia de fumadores en profesionales del ámbito hospitalario comienza por primera vez a disminuir. Sin embargo, no disminuye por igual en todas las categorías profesionales y persiste alta comparada con la prevalencia poblacional. Esta reducción del consumo de tabaco coincide con las medidas introducidas por el programa tras los cambios legislativos(AU)

Background: In terms of tobacco consumption, health workers have been considered as reference group, however smoking prevalence in this group is higher than in general population. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of tobacco consumption among workers of a health institution in Catalonia during a period of 10 years (2001-2011), and to describe their characteristics. Methods: The questionnaire on tobacco consumption prevalence was validated, and was administered in 2001, 2004, 2008 and 2011. A random sampling was carried out in two acute care institutions. The characteristics of the study sample and the differences between smokers were analyzed using the chi-square test for linear trend. A logistic regression model was performed including all the surveys. Results: The smoking prevalence among health care workers for 2001, 2004, 2008 and 2011, was 30.00%, 34.42%, 36.21% and 29.42%, respectively. Women had the highest consumption prevalence (33,40%). Tobacco smoking decreased in medical staff, from 25.97% in 2001, to 18.88% in 2011 (p=0.005), and in nurses from 35,15% in 2001 to 25.61% in 2011 (p=0.007), but not among the administrative staff. Conclusion: Overall and for the first time, smoking prevalence in health workers begins to decrease. However, it does not decrease in the same way among all types of healthcare workers and the prevalence remains high when compared with the population prevalence. This consumption reduction coincides with the measures introduced by the program after the legislative changes(AU)